Marine transportation accounts for over 80% of international trade. It is facilitated by superstructures, such as passenger ships, container ships, oil tankers, and roll-on–roll-off car ferries, making it efficient and effective. Nevertheless, there is an ever pressing need to make shipping more economical. In this regard, scientists have conducted numerous studies to improve the aerodynamic performance of ships, which face significant drag force from winds on their above-water hull—the visible body of the ship—when sailing.
Flat plate bow covers pave way for more economical shipping by improving ship aerodynamics
